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Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) testing is a common practice used by law enforcement in the United States in the identification of persons who are intoxicated or under the influence of a controlled substance. The key difference between recognizing PAN and horizontal gaze nystagmus is the position of the subject's head in relation to the body.
Alexander's law refers to gaze-evoked nystagmus that occurs after an acute unilateral vestibular loss. It was first described in 1912 and has three elements to explain how the vestibulo-ocular reflex responds to an acute vestibular insult. The first element says that spontaneous nystagmus after an acute vestibular impairment has the fast phase ...
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Field sobriety tests ( FSTs ), also referred to as standardized field sobriety tests ( SFSTs ), are a battery of tests used by police officers to determine if a person suspected of impaired driving is intoxicated with alcohol or other drugs. FSTs (and SFSTs) are primarily used in the United States, to meet "probable cause for arrest ...
The type of legal remedies to be applied in specific cases depend on the nature of the wrongful act and its liability. [1] In international human rights law, there is a right to an effective remedy. In the legal system of the United States, there exists a traditional form of judicial remedies that serve to combat juror biases caused by news ...
Parinaud's syndrome is a constellation of neurological signs indicating injury to the dorsal midbrain. More specifically, compression of the vertical gaze center at the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). It is a group of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction and is named for Henri Parinaud [ 6 ...
Multiple sclerosis can cause a variety of symptoms: changes in sensation ( hypoesthesia ), muscle weakness, abnormal muscle spasms, or difficulty moving; difficulties with coordination and balance; problems in speech ( dysarthria) or swallowing ( dysphagia ), visual problems ( nystagmus, optic neuritis, phosphenes or diplopia ), fatigue and ...