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It explains the evolution of how humans created shelter and other structures that comprises the entire built environment. It covers several fields including structural engineering , civil engineering , city growth and population growth , which are relatives to branches of technology , science, history , and architecture .
The first eon in Earth's history, the Hadean, begins with the Earth's formation and is followed by the Archean eon at 3.8 Ga. [2]: 145 The oldest rocks found on Earth date to about 4.0 Ga, and the oldest detrital zircon crystals in rocks to about 4.4 Ga, [34] [35] [36] soon after the formation of the Earth's crust and the Earth itself.
In eastern Jordan, post hole markings in the soil give evidence to houses made of poles and thatched brush around 20,000 years ago. [16] In areas where bone — especially mammoth bone — is a viable material, evidence of structures preserve much more easily, such as the mammoth-bone dwellings among the Mal'ta-Buret' culture 24–15,000 years ...
In the United States, modern house construction techniques include light-frame construction (in areas with access to supplies of wood) and adobe or sometimes rammed-earth construction (in arid regions with scarce wood-resources). Some areas use brick almost exclusively, and quarried stone has long provided foundations and walls.
House Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe. [16] [17] [18] Ġgantija: Malta: Europe: 3700 BCE Temple Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest. [19] [20] Dolmen of Menga: Spain: Europe: 3700 BCE Tomb A megalithic burial mound called a tumulus, a long barrow form of dolmen: West ...
6000 BC – 5000 BC: The earliest New World ceramics are created in the Amazon basin. [127] 5700 BC – 4500 BC: Vinča culture. 5500 BC: Copper smelting in evidence in Pločnik and Belovode. [128] [129] 5259 BC: Confirmed Miyake event, with high amount of cosmic radiation from the Sun hitting the Earth.
A model of a 10th dynasty house has also been found in Rifeh showing the tops of three domes just emerging through the terraced roof. [ 27 ] In an area straddling the borders between Oman , UAE , and Bahrain , stone beehive tombs built above ground called "Hafit graves", or "Mezyat graves", date to the Hafit period between 3200 and 2700 BC.
Sometimes Doors were made from ox-hide. Doors between houses were often so low, that people needed to crouch to walk though them. Houses would usually have no windows, if they did it would be made of clay or wooden grilles. Floors would usually be made of dirt. Mesopotamian houses would often crumble. Houses needed to be repaired often. [14] [15]