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This timeline lists significant discoveries in physics and the laws of nature, including experimental discoveries, theoretical proposals that were confirmed experimentally, and theories that have significantly influenced current thinking in modern physics. Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process.
1971: Place cells in the brain are discovered by John O'Keefe. 1974: Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. discover indirect evidence for gravitational wave radiation in the Hulse–Taylor binary. 1977: Frederick Sanger sequences the first DNA genome of an organism using Sanger sequencing.
Discoveries of physics find applications throughout the natural sciences and in technology. Historically, physics emerged from the scientific revolution of the 17th century, grew rapidly in the 19th century, then was transformed by a series of discoveries in the 20th century.
Statistics. The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 226 individuals as of 2024. [5] The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. William Lawrence Bragg was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics ...
The discovery of these particles required very different experimental methods from that of their ordinary matter counterparts, and provided evidence that all particles had antiparticles—an idea that is fundamental to quantum field theory, the modern mathematical framework for particle physics. In the case of most subsequent particle ...
1888 – Johannes Rydberg modifies the Balmer formula to include all spectral series of lines for the hydrogen atom, producing the Rydberg formula that is employed later by Niels Bohr and others to verify Bohr's first quantum model of the atom. 1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers X-rays in experiments with electron beams in plasma.
Stern–Gerlach experiment (1920): Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach demonstrates particle spin. Chicago Pile-1 (1942): Enrico Fermi and Leó Szilárd build the first critical nuclear reactor (1942) Wu experiment (1956): Chien-Shiung Wu leads the team that disproves the conservation of parity in particle physics.
1863 – Gregor Mendel 's pea plant experiments (Mendel's laws of inheritance). 1887 – Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect. 1887 – Michelson and Morley: Michelson–Morley experiment, showing that the speed of light is invariant. 1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. 1897 – J. J. Thomson discovers the electron.