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As a grandson of Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Valentinian was also a member of the Theodosian dynasty, to which his wife, Licinia Eudoxia, also belonged. A year before assuming the rank of augustus, Valentinian was given the imperial rank of caesar by his half-cousin and co-emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450).
On 26 March 429, Emperor Theodosius II announced to the Senate of Constantinople his intentions to form a committee to codify all of the laws (leges, singular lex) from the reign of Constantine up to Theodosius II and Valentinian III. [5] The laws in the code span from 312 to 438, so by 438 the "volume of imperial law had become unmanageable". [6]
After the deaths of Gratian and his successor Valentinian II, Theodosius became the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire 392-395. Theodosius is also remembered for making a series of decrees (see Edict of Thessalonica ) that essentially codified Nicene Christianity as the official state church of ...
The same year Theodosius recognized Magnus Maximus's nominee for consul, Flavius Euodius, and Magnus Maximus's official portrait is known to have been shown at Alexandria, in the part of the empire administered by Theodosius. [121] On Valentinian's restoration, Theodosius' clemency emboldened the supporters of the altar of Victory to once more ...
Theodosius had left Valentinian under the protection of the magister militum Arbogast, who then defeated the Franks in 389. [7] [6] In spring 390, possibly in April, the Massacre of Thessalonica was perpetrated by Theodosius's army, leading to a confrontation with Ambrose. [1] Ambrose demanded that the emperor do penance for the massacre. [1]
Theodosius was born in Hispania [15] [16] [17] on 11 January, probably in the year 347. [18] His father of the same name, Count Theodosius, was a successful and high-ranking general (magister equitum) under the western Roman emperor Valentinian I, and his mother was called Thermantia. [19]
Theodosius was promoted to Augustus at Sirmium on January 19, 379. [83] [85] [86] Solidus of Theodosius depicting him on the reverse with his Western co-emperor Valentinian II, who reigned at the same time as Gratian. Theodosius I (r. 379-395) was to be the first emperor to rule almost constantly from Constantinople.
Three months later a high-ranking official, John was elected emperor in Rome, but Theodosius proclaimed the six-year-old Valentinian Caesar. In preparation for an invasion from the Eastern Roman Empire, John ordered the cura palatii ("curator of the palace") Flavius Aetius to hire Hunnic mercenary troops.