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According to Kei Hiruta, it is a popular, yet contested, position in historiography today to exclude Fascist Italy from the list of totalitarian regimes. Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism disputes that Italy was a totalitarian state, [ 17 ] at least until 1938.
Modern political science catalogues three régimes of government: (i) the democratic, (ii) the authoritarian, and (iii) the totalitarian. [8] [9] Varying by political culture, the functional characteristics of the totalitarian régime of government are: political repression of all opposition (individual and collective); a cult of personality about The Leader; official economic interventionism ...
According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there are three main types of political systems today: democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes with hybrid regimes. [2] [3] Another modern classification system includes monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three. [4]
Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism.Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938).
The power structures of dictatorships vary, and different definitions of dictatorship consider different elements of this structure. Political scientists such as Juan José Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political ...
In one-party states, the ruling party's leader (e.g. the General Secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or premiership. In Andorra , Iran , and Vatican City ( Holy See ), a clergy member also acts as the head of state.
According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there are three main types of political regimes today: democracies, totalitarian regimes, and authoritarian regimes, with hybrid regimes sitting between these categories. [6] [7] The term regime is often used critically to portray a leader as corrupt or undemocratic. [8]
According to Hayek, it is in this way that it becomes possible for totalitarian leaders to rise to power as happened in the years following World War I. [43] Austrian School economists such as Hayek and his mentor Ludwig von Mises also used the word socialism as a synonym for authoritarian socialism, central planning and state socialism ...