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The common spangle gall on the underside of leaves and the currant gall on the male catkins or occasionally the leaves, develop as chemically induced distortions on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), or sessile oak (Quercus petraea) trees, caused by the cynipid wasp [1] Neuroterus quercusbaccarum which has both agamic and bisexual generations.
Oak apples on Quercus robur leaf Oak galls on a Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) in León, Spain. An oak apple on a tree in Worcestershire, England. An oak apple or oak gall is a large, round, vaguely apple-like gall commonly found on many species of oak.
There are substantial differences in gene expression between inner and outer gall tissues compared to adjacent leaf tissues. Approximately 28% of oak genes display differential expression in the gall compared to leaves, indicating significant transcriptional changes associated with gall development. [33]
Jumping oak galls are caused by a very tiny, native, stingless wasp (Neuroterus sp.) which lays eggs in leaf buds. As the leaf develops, pinhead-sized galls, also referred to as abnormal plant ...
Aceria ilicis causes felt-like galls (erinea), which are a patch of glandular hairs, caused by gall mites of the family Eriophyoidea. The bulge is 2–3 mm high on the upperside of the leaf of holm oak (also known as evergreen oak) and the depression below is several mm wide; there are usually several on a leaf.
Neuroterus numismalis is a gall wasp that forms chemically induced leaf galls on oak trees. It has both bisexual and agamic (parthenogenetic) generations and forms two distinct galls on oak leaves, the silk button gall and blister gall. The galls can be very numerous with more than a thousand per leaf. [1]
Andricus foecundatrix (formerly Andricus fecundator) is a parthenogenetic gall wasp which lays a single egg within a leaf bud, using its ovipositor, to produce a gall known as an oak artichoke gall, oak hop gall, larch-cone gall or hop strobile [1] [2] The gall develops as a chemically induced distortion of leaf axillary or terminal buds on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) or sessile oak ...
The gall growth first appears as a rounded mass of green plant tissue on the leaf buds of the oak, later becoming hard and brown, being up to approximately 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter.