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θ is the angle at which the projectile is launched; y 0 is the initial height of the projectile; If y 0 is taken to be zero, meaning that the object is being launched on flat ground, the range of the projectile will simplify to: =
To find the angle giving the maximum height for a given speed calculate the derivative of the maximum height = / with respect to , that is = / which is zero when = / =. So the maximum height H m a x = v 2 2 g {\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {max} }={v^{2} \over 2g}} is obtained when the projectile is fired straight up.
In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are independent of each other; that is, neither motion affects the other. This is the principle of compound motion established by Galileo in 1638, [ 1 ] and used by him to prove the parabolic form of projectile motion.
Maximum height can be calculated by absolute value of in standard form of parabola. It is given as H = | c | = u 2 2 g {\displaystyle H=|c|={\frac {u^{2}}{2g}}} Range ( R {\displaystyle R} ) of the projectile can be calculated by the value of latus rectum of the parabola given shooting to the same level.
A projectile following a ballistic trajectory has both forward and vertical motion. Forward motion is slowed due to air resistance, and in point mass modeling the vertical motion is dependent on a combination of the elevation angle and gravity. Initially, the projectile is rising with respect to the line of sight or the horizontal sighting plane.
The flight path angle is shallow, meaning that: , . The flight path angle changes very slowly, such that d γ / d t ≈ 0 {\displaystyle d\gamma /dt\approx 0} . From these two assumptions, we may infer from the second equation of motion that:
It is symbolized as (), which is the time taken for the projectile to reach the maximum height from the plane of projection. Mathematically, it is given as t = U sin θ / g {\displaystyle t=U\sin \theta /g} where g {\displaystyle g} = acceleration due to gravity (app 9.81 m/s²), U {\displaystyle U} = initial velocity (m/s) and θ ...
The observer would first use this device to measure the angular width of the target. Knowing the angular width of the target, the range to the target, and the known length of that ship class, the angle on the bow of the target can be computed using equations shown in Figure 2. Human observers were required to determine the angle on the bow.