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They present as multiple small or large bumps characteristically on the heels and wrists. [2] Most are asymptomatic and pain is rare, although some may present with pain before the bumps are noticed. [3]
As such, portions of the diseased tissue may be left in the foot after surgery. Inadequate excision is the leading cause of recurrence. [2] [8] Radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the size of the nodules and reduce the pain associated with them. It is approximately 80% effective, with minimal side effects. [12]
Knuckle pads are benign subcutaneous fibrotic nodules that are seen in the finger joints and/or the extensor area of the foot. [6] [7] [8] From a clinical perspective, these are well-defined, non-compressible, freely moveable lesions that resemble warts and primarily affect the dorsal portion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and, less frequently, the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints.
Surfer's knots are a cutaneous condition caused by chronic pressure over bony prominences leading to thick fibrotic nodules on knees, knuckles, dorsal feet, often seen with those who perform surfing, boxing, football, and marbles.
Madura foot. The initial lesion is a small swelling under the skin following minor trauma which breaches the skin. [11] [12] It appears as a painless wet nodule, which may be present for years before ulceration, swelling and weeping from sinuses, followed by bone deformity. [3] [7] The sinuses discharge a grainy liquid of fungal colonies. [11]
Podoconiosis causes bilateral yet asymmetrical leg swelling with overlying firm nodules. Early on, symptoms may include itching, tingling, widening of the forefoot, and swelling which then progress to soft edema, skin fibrosis, papillomatosis, and nodule formation resembling moss, giving rise to the disease's alternate name of "mossy foot" in some regions of the world. [3]
In medicine, nodules are small firm lumps, usually greater than 1 cm in diameter. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If filled with fluid they are referred to as cysts . [ 2 ] Smaller (less than 0.5 cm) raised soft tissue bumps may be termed papules .
Mycetoma is diagnosed through microscopic examination of the grains in the nodule and by analysis of cultures. [10] Since the bacterial form and the fungal form of mycetoma infection of the foot share similar clinical and radiological features, diagnosis can be a challenge. [2] Magnetic resonance imaging is a valuable diagnostic tool.