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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) synonymous with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis [5] is a rare, progressive illness of the respiratory system, characterized by the thickening and stiffening of lung tissue, associated with the formation of scar tissue.
[12] [3] [13] Cystic fibrosis eventually results in severe bronchiectasis in nearly all cases. [14] The cause in 10–50% of those without cystic fibrosis is unknown. [3] The mechanism of disease is breakdown of the airways due to an excessive inflammatory response. [3] Involved airways become enlarged and thus less able to clear secretions. [3]
Causes include environmental pollution, certain medications, connective tissue diseases, infections, and interstitial lung diseases. [1] [3] [6] But in most cases the cause is unknown (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis). [1] [3] Diagnosis may be based on symptoms, medical imaging, lung biopsy, and lung function tests. [1]
People with fibromyalgia generally have higher healthcare costs and utilization rates. A review of 36 studies found that fibromyalgia causes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. [271] Annual costs per patient were estimated to be up to $35,920 in the US and $8,504 in Europe. [271]
Fibrothorax is a medical condition characterised by severe scarring and fusion of the layers of the pleural space surrounding the lungs resulting in decreased movement of the lung and ribcage. [1] The main symptom of fibrothorax is shortness of breath .
It is the hallmark symptom of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and common in long COVID and fibromyalgia. [3] [1] PEM is often severe enough to be disabling, and is triggered by ordinary activities that healthy people tolerate. Typically, it begins 12–48 hours after the activity that triggers it, and lasts for days ...
Frailty or frailty syndrome refers to a state of health in which older adults gradually lose their bodies' in-built reserves and functioning. This makes them more vulnerable, less able to recover and even apparently minor events (infections, environmental changes) can have drastic impacts on their physical and mental health.
One study has shown extra-abdominal tumors making up 43% of cases, abdominal tumors 49%, and mesenteric 8%, though statistics vary. [16] Pregnancy-related tumors typically arise in the abdominal wall. [28] Tumors located intra-abdominally or in the head and neck have the highest risk of mortality due to the proximity to vital structures. [20]