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An alternative algorithm for topological sorting is based on depth-first search.The algorithm loops through each node of the graph, in an arbitrary order, initiating a depth-first search that terminates when it hits any node that has already been visited since the beginning of the topological sort or the node has no outgoing edges (i.e., a leaf node):
Though the subspace topology of Y = {−1} ∪ {1/n } n∈N in the section above is shown not to be generated by the induced order on Y, it is nonetheless an order topology on Y; indeed, in the subspace topology every point is isolated (i.e., singleton {y} is open in Y for every y in Y), so the subspace topology is the discrete topology on Y (the topology in which every subset of Y is open ...
The order extension principle is constructively provable for finite sets using topological sorting algorithms, where the partial order is represented by a directed acyclic graph with the set's elements as its vertices. Several algorithms can find an extension in linear time. [6]
Problems of sufficient simplicity are solved directly. For example, to sort a given list of n natural numbers, split it into two lists of about n/2 numbers each, sort each of them in turn, and interleave both results appropriately to obtain the sorted version of the given list (see the picture). This approach is known as the merge sort algorithm.
The traditional ld (Unix linker) requires that its library inputs be sorted in topological order, since it processes files in a single pass. This applies both to static libraries ( *.a ) and dynamic libraries ( *.so ), and in the case of static libraries preferably for the individual object files contained within.
In the branch of mathematics known as topology, the specialization (or canonical) preorder is a natural preorder on the set of the points of a topological space.For most spaces that are considered in practice, namely for all those that satisfy the T 0 separation axiom, this preorder is even a partial order (called the specialization order).
The corresponding topological space is called the Kirch space. [ 10 ] The three topologies are related in the sense that every open set in the Kirch topology is open in the Golomb topology, and every open set in the Golomb topology is open in the Furstenberg topology (restricted to the subspace Z > 0 {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{>0}} ).
The Z-ordering can be used to efficiently build a quadtree (2D) or octree (3D) for a set of points. [5] [6] The basic idea is to sort the input set according to Z-order.Once sorted, the points can either be stored in a binary search tree and used directly, which is called a linear quadtree, [7] or they can be used to build a pointer based quadtree.