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Roman ensigns, standards, trumpets etc. Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the res militaris or disciplina.
Lorica Segmentata Volume I: A Handbook of Articulated Roman Plate Armour, M.C. Bishop, Armatura Press (November 1, 2002) (online version) Roman Army website, showing the third century finds of segmentata in spain (downloadable PDF) Ancient originals on the pages of the Roman Military Equipment Web Museum
Roman military engineering was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of its contemporaries. Indeed, military engineering was in many ways endemic in Roman military culture, as demonstrated by each Roman legionary having as part of his equipment a shovel, alongside his gladius (sword) and pila ( javelins ).
Vitruvius, in his De Architectura book X, describes the construction and tuning of ballistae. Every century (group of 60-100 men) in the Roman army had a ballista by the 1st century AD. [6] It was the command of the chief of the ballistae, under whom were the artillery experts, or doctores ballistarum and finally, the artillerymen, or ...
Peter William Connolly FSA (8 May 1935 – 2 May 2012) [1] was a British scholar of the ancient world, Greek and Roman military equipment historian, reconstructional archaeologist and illustrator. [2] He was a regular contributor to such periodicals as the Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies and Roman Frontier Studies.
The makeup of the Roman military changed substantially over its history, from its early days as an unsalaried citizen militia to a later professional force, the Imperial Roman army. The equipment used by the military altered greatly in type over time, though there were very few technological improvements in weapons manufacture, in common with ...
The Imperial Roman Army was the military land force of the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 476 AD, [1] and the final incarnation in the long history of the Roman army. This period is sometimes split into the Principate (27 BC – 284 AD) and the Dominate (284–476) periods.
The Romans used the better properties in their armaments, and the 1,300 years of Roman military technology saw radical changes. The Roman armies of the early empire were much better equipped than early republican armies. Metals used for arms and armor primarily included iron, bronze, and brass. For construction, the army used wood, earth, and ...