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In computation theory, the Blum–Shub–Smale machine, or BSS machine, is a model of computation introduced by Lenore Blum, Michael Shub and Stephen Smale, intended to describe computations over the real numbers. [1]
Stephen Smale (born July 15, 1930) is an American mathematician, known for his research in topology, dynamical systems and mathematical economics.He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 [2] and spent more than three decades on the mathematics faculty of the University of California, Berkeley (1960–1961 and 1964–1995), where he currently is Professor Emeritus, with research interests in ...
According to the Life-span model of motivation the personal goals that individuals set are a function of the opportunities and challenges that are present in their social environment. Personal goals are an important determinant to the way individuals direct their development . [ 1 ]
The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other. This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will ...
Reinforcement theory is based on behaviorism and explains motivation in relation to positive and negative outcomes of previous behavior. It uses the principle of operant conditioning , which states that behavior followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated, while behavior followed by negative consequences is less likely to be ...
The introduction of the book reprints the paper "Complexity and real computation: a manifesto", previously published by the same authors. This manifesto explains why classical discrete models of computation such as the Turing machine are inadequate for the study of numerical problems in areas such as scientific computing and computational geometry, motivating the newer model studied in the book.
Axiom A diffeomorphisms generalize Morse–Smale systems, which satisfy further restrictions (finitely many periodic points and transversality of stable and unstable submanifolds). Smale horseshoe map is an axiom A diffeomorphism with infinitely many periodic points and positive topological entropy .
In psychology, the I-change model [1] [2] or the integrated model, for explaining motivational and behavioral change, derives from the Attitude – Social Influence – Self-Efficacy Model, integrates ideas of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, [3] Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, Prochaska's Transtheoretical Model, [4] the Health Belief Model, [5] and Goal setting [6] theories.