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In a 12-lead ECG, all leads except the limb leads are assumed to be unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V 1, V 2, V 3, V 4, V 5, and V 6). The measurement of a voltage requires two contacts and so, electrically, the unipolar leads are measured from the common lead (negative) and the unipolar lead (positive).
Electrodes may be placed distally or proximally on the limb without affecting the recording. [5] The right leg electrode acts to reduce interference, and can be placed anywhere without an effect on the ECG results. [6] Each lead measures the electric field created by the heart during the depolarization and repolarization of myocytes. The ...
An evaluation of respiratory rate for the differentiation of the severity of illness in babies under 6 months found it not to be very useful. Approximately half of the babies had a respiratory rate above 50 breaths per minute, thereby questioning the value of having a "cut-off" at 50 breaths per minute as the indicator of serious respiratory ...
It is significant if it is more than 1 mm in V5-V6, or 1.5 mm in AVF or III. [citation needed] In a cardiac stress test, an ST depression of at least 1 mm after adenosine administration indicates a reversible ischaemia, while an exercise stress test requires an ST depression of at least 2 mm to significantly indicate reversible ischaemia. [6]
Respiratory rate monitoring through a thoracic transducer belt, an ECG channel or via capnography Neurological monitoring , such as of intracranial pressure . Also, there are special patient monitors which incorporate the monitoring of brain waves ( electroencephalography ), gas anesthetic concentrations, bispectral index (BIS), etc.
Respiratory arrest can be caused by pulmonary embolus, choking, drowning, trauma, drug overdose, and poisoning. [3] Pulmonary embolus carries a high mortality rate and may be the triggering cause for up to 5% of cardiac arrests, according to a retrospective study from an urban tertiary care emergency department. [50]
Heart rate (HR) (first row), ECG signal (ECG) (second row), and respiration (third row) for a newborn subject in a 15-seconds recording. HR expresses oscillations synchronous with respect to respiration. RSA magnitude estimation based on a multivariate approach based on joint analysis of ECG and respiration. [15]
Integrated pulmonary index (IPI) is a patient pulmonary index which uses information from capnography and pulse oximetry to provide a single value that describes the patient's respiratory status. IPI is used by clinicians to quickly assess the patient's respiratory status to determine the need for additional clinical assessment or intervention.