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The Encyclopædia Britannica estimates that 6 to 8 million people died from hunger in the Soviet Union during this period, of whom 4 to 5 million were Ukrainians. [194] As of 2021, the Encyclopædia Britannica Online read: "Some 4 to 5 million died in Ukraine, and another 2 to 3 million in the North Caucasus and the Lower Volga area." [195]
The Wall of Grief in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument for victims of political persecution by Stalin during the country's Soviet era. [174] In 2017, Canada's National Capital Commission approved the design for a memorial to the victims of communism to be built at the Garden of the Provinces and Territories in ...
International relations (1919–1939) covers the main interactions shaping world history in this era, known as the interwar period, with emphasis on diplomacy and economic relations. The coverage here follows the diplomatic history of World War I and precedes the diplomatic history of World War II .
The Nikonian chronicle, written between 1127 and 1303, recorded no less than eleven famine years during that period. [5] One of the most serious crises before 1900 was the famine of 1891–1892, which killed between 375,000 and 500,000 people, mainly due to famine-related diseases. Causes included a large autumn drought resulting in crop failures.
The Wall of Grief was built on an old parking lot at the busy intersection of Garden Ring Road and Academician Sakharov Avenue in central Moscow. [2] [5] Georgy Frangulyan, the designer of the monument who spent two years working on its creation, [2] noted that the Wall of Grief is "an expression of feelings, of fear and alarm", rather than a "representative" work of art. [5]
According to estimates based on data from Soviet archives post-1991, there were around 1.6 million deaths during the whole period from 1929 to 1953. [26] The tentative historical consensus is that of the 18 million people who passed through the gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7 million died as a result of their incarceration. [10]
Andrey Shpagonov killed nine people and wounded another while trying to steal firearms during a robbery. He was sentenced to death and executed in 1995. Vyaznikovsky Colony riot July 6–7, 1993 Vyaznikovsky District, Vladimir Oblast: 5 Inmates rioted at a maximum security prison outside Moscow, the toll was five dead and 44 wounded [9] [10]
Anne Applebaum cites Russian sources that put the Gulag death toll from 1941 to 1945 at 932,000. [27] Deportation of ethnic minorities. Russian sources put the death toll at 309,000. [28] War-related deaths of those born during war – according to Andreev, Darski and Kharkova (ADK), there was an increase in infant mortality of 1.3 million. [3]