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The medical necessity of fundus photography must be recorded comprehensively so that the clinician is able to compare photographs of a patient from different timelines. Documents of a patient's medical record must consist of a recent, relevant history, progress notes and fundus photographs depicting and supporting the relevant diagnosis.
It is crucial in determining the health of the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. [citation needed] The pupil is a hole through which the eye's interior can be viewed. For better viewing, the pupil can be opened wider (dilated; mydriasis) before ophthalmoscopy using medicated eye drops (dilated fundus examination).
Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy developed as a method to view a distinct layer of the living eye at the microscopic level. The use of confocal methods to diminish extra light by focusing detected light through a small pinhole made possible the imaging of individual layers of the retina with greater distinction than ever before. [4]
Pupil dilation typically begins within 15 minutes and may last for 3–8 hours. [6] [7] After the pupil has been dilated, an ophthalmoscope can be used to examine the fundus. This allows for 15x magnification of the optic disc, also known as the optic nerve head, and retina to better evaluate for any ophthalmic pathology. [9]
Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation. [3] Arteriolar constriction, seen as "silver wiring", and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy.
Fully dilated pupil prior to ophthalmoscopic examination to remove lens astigmatism (spasm of accommodation) Examination of retina (fundus examination) is an important part of the general eye examination. Dilating the pupil using dilating eye drops greatly enhances the view and permits an extensive examination of peripheral retina.
While moving the streak or spot of light through the pupil across the retina, the examiner observes the relative movement of the reflex or manually places lenses over the eye (using a phoropter or trial frame and trial lenses) to "neutralize" the reflex. [2] Static retinoscopy is a type of retinoscopy used in determining a patient's refractive ...
A retinal scan is a biometric technique that uses unique patterns on a person's retina blood vessels. It is not to be confused with other ocular-based technologies: iris recognition , commonly called an "iris scan", and eye vein verification that uses scleral veins.