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Their mutual intelligibility varies greatly between the dialects themselves, with the standard Shtokavian dialect, and with other languages. For example, Torlakian, which is considered a subdialect of Serbian Old Shtokavian, has significant mutual intelligibility with Macedonian and Bulgarian. [13]
The Hindi–Urdu controversy arose in 19th-century colonial India out of the debate over whether Modern Standard Hindi or Standard Urdu should be chosen as a national language. Hindi and Urdu are mutually intelligible as spoken languages, to the extent that they are sometimes considered to be dialects or registers of a single spoken language ...
[12] [13] [14] It is the preferred official language of India, ... Hindi and Urdu are two registers of the same language and are mutually intelligible. [100]
At the more colloquial level, however, the two languages were mutually intelligible." [7] After the partition of India, political forces within India tried to further Sanskritize Hindi, [8] while political forces in Pakistan campaigned to remove Prakit/Sanskrit derived words from Urdu and supplant them with Persian and Arabic words. [9]
The spoken dialects of Bengali are mutually intelligible with neighbouring dialects. ... Haldar, Gopal (2000), Languages of India, National Book Trust, ...
It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution, [9] and the official language of the Indian state of Goa. It is also spoken in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, [10] Gujarat as well as Damaon, Diu & Silvassa. Konkani is a member of the Southern Indo-Aryan language group.
The dialects can differ markedly in their phonology, to the point that two speakers using two different dialects can find each other's accents mutually unintelligible. [1] [2] [3] Indian English is a "network of varieties", resulting from an extraordinarily complex linguistic situation in the country. (See Official languages of India.) This ...
In many cases of diglossia, the two dialects are so divergent that they are distinct languages as defined by linguists: they are not mutually intelligible. Thomas Ricento, an author on language policy and political theory believes that there is always a "socially constructed hierarchy, indexed from low to high."