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The geniohyoid is a paired short muscle that arises from the inferior mental spine, on the back of the mandibular symphysis, and runs backward and slightly downward, to be inserted into the anterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone. [2]: 346 It lies in contact with its fellow of the opposite side. It thus belongs to the suprahyoid muscles.
The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid , mylohyoid , and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).
A mental spine is a small projection of bone on the posterior aspect of the mandible in the midline. There are usually four mental spines: two superior and two inferior. Collectively they are also known as the genial tubercle, [1] genial apophysis and the Latin name spinae ment
It is a fan-shaped muscle that comprises the bulk of the body of the tongue. It arises from the mental spine of the mandible; it inserts onto the hyoid bone, and the bottom of the tongue. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding (or sticking out) the tongue.
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The mylohyoid muscle elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue. This is particularly important during swallowing and speaking. Alternatively, if other muscles are used to keep the position of the hyoid bone fixed, then the mylohyoid muscle depresses the mandible. [1] It also functions as reinforcing the floor of mouth. [1]
These four muscles have different actions, but in general assist in elevating the hyoid bone and widening the esophagus during swallowing.When the two bellies of the digastric contract, they pull upward on the hyoid bone; but if the hyoid is fixed from below, the digastric assists in extreme opening of the mouth such as yawning or taking a large bite of an apple. [1]
The thyrohyoid muscle is innervated (along with the geniohyoid muscle [1] [3]: 457, 709 ) by a branch of the cervical plexus [4] [3]: 538 - the nerve to thyrohyoid muscle (thyrohyoid branch of ansa cervicalis) [4] - which is formed by fibres of the cervical spinal nerve 1 (C1) [1] [2] [3]: 538 (and - according to some sources - cervical spinal nerve 2 as well [4] [3]: 457 ) that join and ...