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Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
Download as PDF; Printable version ... Epidemiology is the study and analysis of ... of all of the factors entering a certain case study. [43] Epidemiological studies ...
The rare disease assumption is a mathematical assumption in epidemiologic case-control studies where the hypothesis tests the association between an exposure and a disease. It is assumed that, if the prevalence of the disease is low, then the odds ratio (OR) approaches the relative risk (RR).
Porta's Dictionary of Epidemiology defines the case–control study as: "an observational epidemiological study of persons with the disease (or another outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control group of persons without the disease (comparison group, reference group). The potential relationship of a suspected risk factor or an ...
Researchers have applied Hill’s criteria for causality in examining the evidence in several areas of epidemiology, including connections between exposures to molds and infant pulmonary hemorrhage, [14] ultraviolet B radiation, vitamin D and cancer, [15] [16] vitamin D and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, [17] alcohol and cardiovascular ...
A nested case–control (NCC) study is a variation of a case–control study in which cases and controls are drawn from the population in a fully enumerated cohort. [1] Usually, the exposure of interest is only measured among the cases and the selected controls. Thus the nested case–control study is more efficient than the full cohort design.
Environment-wide association study; Environmental epidemiology; Enzootic; EpiData; Epidemic Intelligence Service; Epidemic models on lattices; Epidemics Act; Epidemiological method; Epidemiological transition; Epidemiology data for low-linear energy transfer radiation; Epidemiology in Country Practice; Epidemiology in Relation to Air Travel ...
The index case or patient zero is the first documented patient in a disease epidemic within a population, [1] or the first documented patient included in an epidemiological study. [2] It can also refer to the first case of a condition or syndrome (not necessarily contagious) to be described in the medical literature, whether or not the patient ...