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For Fibonacci numbers starting with F 1 = 0 and F 2 = 1 and with each succeeding Fibonacci number being the sum of the preceding two, one can generate a sequence of Pythagorean triples starting from (a 3, b 3, c 3) = (4, 3, 5) via
Widely used in many programs, e.g. it is used in Excel 2003 and later versions for the Excel function RAND [8] and it was the default generator in the language Python up to version 2.2. [9] Rule 30: 1983 S. Wolfram [10] Based on cellular automata. Inversive congruential generator (ICG) 1986 J. Eichenauer and J. Lehn [11] Blum Blum Shub: 1986
The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations.
For 8-bit integers the table of quarter squares will have 2 9 −1=511 entries (one entry for the full range 0..510 of possible sums, the differences using only the first 256 entries in range 0..255) or 2 9 −1=511 entries (using for negative differences the technique of 2-complements and 9-bit masking, which avoids testing the sign of ...
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where f is the function for multiplying, P is the coordinate to multiply, d is the number of times to add the coordinate to itself. Example: 100P can be written as 2(2[P + 2(2[2(P + 2P)])]) and thus requires six point double operations and two point addition operations. 100P would be equal to f(P, 100).
A structure similar to LCGs, but not equivalent, is the multiple-recursive generator: X n = (a 1 X n−1 + a 2 X n−2 + ··· + a k X n−k) mod m for k ≥ 2. With a prime modulus, this can generate periods up to m k −1, so is a useful extension of the LCG structure to larger periods.
In fact, the Disquisitiones contains two proofs: The one in Article 54 is a nonconstructive existence proof, while the proof in Article 55 is constructive. A primitive root exists if and only if n is 1, 2, 4, p k or 2p k, where p is an odd prime and k > 0. For all other values of n the multiplicative group of integers modulo n is not cyclic.