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  2. Electrophilic aromatic directing groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.

  3. Captodative effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captodative_effect

    Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]

  4. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.

  5. Electronic effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_effect

    In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule. The term polar effect is sometimes used to refer to electronic effects, but also may have the more narrow definition of effects resulting from non-conjugated substituents.

  6. Malfunctioning security bollards were removed from Bourbon ...

    www.aol.com/malfunctioning-security-bollards...

    Security barriers in New Orleans that were intended to protect pedestrians from vehicles but at times malfunctioned were removed for replacement before an attacker drove a pickup truck into a ...

  7. 2 Stocks to Buy Before 2025 - AOL

    www.aol.com/2-stocks-buy-2025-003155229.html

    Apple. Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) is a company that people just love to doubt. The stock started 2024 with a pretty expensive multiple, only to end the year with an even pricier one (shares go for almost ...

  8. Hammett equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_equation

    For meta-directing groups (electron withdrawing group or EWG), σ meta and σ para are more positive than σ’. (The superscript, c, in table denotes data from Hammett, 1940. [11] [page needed]) For ortho-para directing groups (electron donating group or EDG), σ’ more positive than σ meta and σ para.

  9. US charges ex-TD Bank employee with helping to launder money ...

    www.aol.com/news/us-charges-ex-td-bank-174412767...

    A former TD Bank employee based in Florida was arrested and charged with facilitating money laundering to Colombia, New Jersey's attorney general said on Wednesday, in the first such arrest since ...