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The United States maintains the southernmost base, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′2″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.
The bases are served by airfields and a port, though access can be limited by weather conditions which can make it too hard to land aircraft, and an icebreaker may be needed to reach the port facility. The base was first established in the mid-1950s as part of an international program to study and explore Antarctica for peaceful purposes.
The U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1940), under the leadership of the U.S. Navy, maintained bases at Marguerite Bay and Bay of Whales. [7] Operation Highjump in 1946–1947 was the largest single expedition ever to explore Antarctica, involving 13 naval vessels, numerous airplanes and more than 4,700 men.
Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5 (First edition 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4) Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica.
The facility is the second Palmer Station; "Old Palmer" was about a mile to the northwest adjacent to the site of the British Antarctic Survey "Base N", [3] built in the mid-fifties. The site is on what is now known as Amsler Island. Old Palmer was built about 1965, and served as a base for those building "new" Palmer, which opened in 1968.
Before November 1956, there was no permanent artificial structure at the pole, and practically no human presence in the interior of Antarctica. The few scientific stations in Antarctica were near its coast. The station has been continuously occupied since it was built and has been rebuilt, expanded, and upgraded several times.
The icebreaker Almirante Irizar has been the principal supply line for Argentine bases in Antarctica since 1978. Antarctica New Zealand; Argentine Antarctic Program; Australian Antarctic Division; Brazilian Antarctic Program; British Antarctic Survey [1] Instituto Antártico Argentino; Instituto Antártico Chileno; IPEV French Polar Institute
The Ohio Range) is a range in the Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica It is about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long and 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide, extending west-southwest – east-northeast from Eldridge Peak to Mirsky Ledge.