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2. Zero-energy universe - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_universe

   [3] [4] [5] Other cancellation examples include the expected symmetric prevalence of right- and left-handed angular momenta of objects ("spin" in the common sense), the observed flatness of the universe, the equal prevalence of positive and negative charges, opposing particle spin in quantum mechanics, as well as the crests and troughs of ...

3. A Universe from Nothing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Universe_from_Nothing

   A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing is a non-fiction book by the physicist Lawrence M. Krauss, initially published on January 10, 2012, by Free Press. It discusses modern cosmogony and its implications for the debate about the existence of God .

4. Quantum foam - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_foam

   Quantum foam (or spacetime foam, or spacetime bubble) is a theoretical quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum mechanics. The theory predicts that at this small scale, particles of matter and antimatter are constantly created and destroyed. These subatomic objects are called virtual particles. [1]

5. Black hole information paradox - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox

   In quantum mechanics, the evolution of the state is governed by the Schrödinger equation.The Schrödinger equation obeys two principles that are relevant to the paradox—quantum determinism, which means that given a present wave function, its future changes are uniquely determined by the evolution operator, and reversibility, which refers to the fact that the evolution operator has an ...

6. Flatness problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatness_problem

   The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the relative density Ω is less than, equal to or greater than 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with greater than critical density (Ω>1, k>0); a hyperbolic, underdense universe (Ω<1, k<0); and a flat universe with exactly the critical density (Ω=1, k=0). The spacetime of ...

7. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

   Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. [1]

8. Schwinger model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_model

   A handwaving argument why this is so is because in two dimensions, classically, the potential between two charged particles goes linearly as , instead of / in 4 dimensions, 3 spatial, 1 time. This model also exhibits a spontaneous symmetry breaking of the U(1) symmetry due to a chiral condensate due to a pool of instantons .

9. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

   Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.