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  2. Zero-energy universe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_universe

    [3] [4] [5] Other cancellation examples include the expected symmetric prevalence of right- and left-handed angular momenta of objects ("spin" in the common sense), the observed flatness of the universe, the equal prevalence of positive and negative charges, opposing particle spin in quantum mechanics, as well as the crests and troughs of ...

  3. A Universe from Nothing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Universe_from_Nothing

    A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather than Nothing is a non-fiction book by the physicist Lawrence M. Krauss, initially published on January 10, 2012, by Free Press. It discusses modern cosmogony and its implications for the debate about the existence of God .

  4. Quantum fluctuation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation

    3D visualization of quantum fluctuations of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) vacuum [1]. In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, [2] as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

  5. Edward Tryon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tryon

    Edward P. Tryon (September 4, 1940 – December 11, 2019) was an American scientist and a professor emeritus of physics at Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY). [1] He was the first physicist to propose that our universe originated as a quantum fluctuation of the vacuum.

  6. Casimir effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

    The factor of ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ is present because the zero-point energy of the n th mode is ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ E n, where E n is the energy increment for the n th mode. (It is the same ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ as appears in the equation E = ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ ħω.) Written in this way, this sum is clearly divergent; however, it can be used to create finite expressions.

  7. Zero-point energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

    Zero-point energy (ZPE) is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical system may have. Unlike in classical mechanics, quantum systems constantly fluctuate in their lowest energy state as described by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. [1]

  8. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

    Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe many systems that classical physics cannot.

  9. Flatness problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatness_problem

    The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the relative density Ω is less than, equal to or greater than 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with greater than critical density (Ω>1, k>0); a hyperbolic, underdense universe (Ω<1, k<0); and a flat universe with exactly the critical density (Ω=1, k=0).