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Considering the stigma associated with mental illnesses in the Arab culture, it is not surprising that many Easterners express depression and anxiety through somatic complaints. This is especially true with Eastern women, who may feel symptoms of depression as a result of inequality, but are taught not to express personal feelings.
It can be experienced as a self-stigma or cultural, public stigma. Self-stigma is the adverse effect of internalized prejudice, manifesting in reduced self-esteem, decreased self-efficacy , and a feeling of "why try" or self-deprecation (undervaluing any attempts to get a job, be social, etc., because of lack of self-worth).
Goffman illuminated how stigmatized people manage their "Spoiled identity" (meaning the stigma disqualifies the stigmatized individual from full social acceptance) before audiences of normals. He focused on stigma, not as a fixed or inherent attribute of a person, but rather as the experience and meaning of difference. [24]
Stigma management is the process of concealing or disclosing aspects of one's identity to minimize social stigma. [1] When a person receives unfair treatment or alienation due to a social stigma, the effects can be detrimental. Social stigmas are defined as any aspect of an individual's identity that is devalued in a social context. [2]
The second leading cause of global disability burden in 2020 was unipolar depression, and research showed that depression was twice as likely to be prevalent in women than in men. [9] [10] [13] Gender-based mental health disparities suggest that gender is a factor that could be leading to unequal health outcomes. [14]
Attributional ambiguity is a psychological attribution concept describing the difficulty that members of stigmatized or negatively stereotyped groups may have in interpreting feedback.
Campbell discussed the inappropriateness of Knight's word choices. In writing that "everybody gets depressed," he commented, she showed that she was part of a group that does not believe that clinical depression is a disease. [29] Campbell claimed that Knight's article reinforced the reality that there is still stigma surrounding depression.
The recognition of difference between knowledge and attitudes is a crucial part of the mental health literacy framework. While some efforts have focused on promoting knowledge, other researchers have argued that changing attitudes by reducing stigma is a more prolific way of creating meaningful change in mental healthcare utilization.