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Q is the exchanged heat duty , U is the heat transfer coefficient (watts per kelvin per square meter), A is the exchange area. Note that estimating the heat transfer coefficient may be quite complicated. This holds both for cocurrent flow, where the streams enter from the same end, and for countercurrent flow, where they enter from different ends.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is a measure of the overall ability of a series of conductive and convective barriers to transfer heat. It is commonly applied to the calculation of heat transfer in heat exchangers , but can be applied equally well to other problems.
Thermal transmittance is the rate of transfer of heat through matter. The thermal transmittance of a material (such as insulation or concrete) or an assembly (such as a wall or window) is expressed as a U-value. The thermal insulance of a structure is the reciprocal of its thermal transmittance.
The film temperature is often used as the temperature at which fluid properties are calculated when using the Prandtl number, Nusselt number, Reynolds number or Grashof number to calculate a heat transfer coefficient, because it is a reasonable first approximation to the temperature within the convection boundary layer.
In a narrow legal sense, a transfer tax is essentially a transaction fee imposed on the transfer of title to property from one entity to another. This kind of tax is typically imposed where there is a legal requirement for registration of the transfer, such as transfers of real estate , shares , or bond .
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Stamp Duty Land Tax" (SDLT), a new transfer tax derived from stamp duty, was introduced for land and property transactions from 1 December 2003. SDLT is not a stamp duty, but a form of self-assessed transfer tax charged on "land transactions". On 24 March 2010, Chancellor Alistair Darling introduced two significant changes to UK Stamp Duty Land ...
The transfer-matrix method is based on the fact that, according to Maxwell's equations, there are simple continuity conditions for the electric field across boundaries from one medium to the next. If the field is known at the beginning of a layer, the field at the end of the layer can be derived from a simple matrix operation.