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It was first compound containing a peptide bond to be characterized by X-ray crystallography in 1938. [1] It is the parent of a large class of 2,5-Diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) with the formula (NHCH 2 (R)C(O)) 2 (R = H, CH 3, etc.). They are ubiquitous peptide in nature.
DKP's are the smallest known class of cyclic peptide. [1] Despite their name, they are not ketones, but amides. Three regioisomers are possible, differing in the locations of the carbonyl groups. Retosiban [2] is a diketopiperazine being investigated as an oral drug. One isomer is an oxamide obtained from ethylenediamine.
Once a cyclic peptide is identified with a biological activity of interest, it may also be possible to identify the target of the peptide (a gene that encodes a protein with which it interacts) by functional complementation, facilitating a better understanding of its mechanism of action.
α-Amanitin Bacitracin Ciclosporin. Cyclic peptides are polypeptide chains which contain a circular sequence of bonds. [1] This can be through a connection between the amino and carboxyl ends of the peptide, for example in cyclosporin; a connection between the amino end and a side chain, for example in bacitracin; the carboxyl end and a side chain, for example in colistin; or two side chains ...
Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules. Protein –protein complexes are the most commonly attempted targets of such modelling, followed by protein– nucleic acid complexes.
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The active ingredient was later determined to be a cyclic peptide, named kalata B1, after the traditional name for the tea, kalata-kalata. Although in vivo studies in rats confirmed the uterotonic activity of the purified peptide, it was another 20 years before the cyclic cystine knot motif and structure of the purified peptide were elucidated ...
Phalloidin was one of the first cyclic peptides to be discovered. It was isolated from the death cap mushroom and crystallized by Feodor Lynen and Ulrich Wieland [1] in 1937. [2] Its structure is unusual in that it contains a cysteine-tryptophan linkage to form a bicyclic heptapeptide. This linkage had not been characterized before and makes ...