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For example, cotton wool spots appear much smaller in HIV/AIDS in comparison to the cotton wool spots that appear in diabetes. [20] Although, the difference in duration or half-life of the cotton wool spots may be a result of differing demographics that are affected by the underlying diseases and the overall health of the retinal vessels ...
Common causes of scotomas include demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis (retrobulbar neuritis), damage to nerve fiber layer in the retina (seen as cotton wool spots [3]) due to hypertension, toxic substances such as methyl alcohol, ethambutol and quinine, nutritional deficiencies, vascular blockages either in the retina or in the optic nerve, stroke or other brain injury, and ...
Litten's sign is a clinical sign in which cotton wool spots are seen on fundoscopic examination of the retina in patients with infective endocarditis. [ 1 ] The sign is named after Moritz Litten .
Patients with branch retinal vein occlusion usually have a sudden onset of blurred vision or a central visual field defect. The eye examination findings of acute branch retinal vein occlusion include superficial hemorrhages, retinal edema, and often cotton-wool spots in a sector of retina drained by the affected vein.
Advanced retinopathy lesions, such as microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages and/or flame hemorrhages, ischemic changes (e.g. "cotton wool spots"), hard exudates and in severe cases swelling of the optic disc (optic disc edema), a ring of exudates around the retina called a "macular star" and visual acuity loss, typically due to macular involvement.
Similar to hypertensive retinopathy, evidence of nerve fiber infarcts due to ischemia (cotton-wool spots) can be seen on physical exam. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, or vomiting. Chest pain may occur due to increased workload on the heart resulting in inadequate delivery of oxygen to meet the heart muscle's metabolic needs.
The definition of the classes and Frisén scale used for optic disc edema diagnosis are listed below: Class 0 < 0.50 diopter cycloplegic refractive change; No evidence of optic-disc edema, nerve sheath distention, choroidal folds, globe flattening, scotoma or cotton-wool spots compared to baseline; Class 1 Repeat OCT and visual acuity in 6 weeks
Bitot's spots: Pierre Bitôt: ophthalmology: vitamin A deficiency: spots of keratin deposition in the conjunctiva Bjerrum scotoma: Jannik Peterson Bjerrum: ophthalmology: glaucoma: comet shaped visual field defect, extending temporally from the physiological blind spot Blumberg's sign: Jacob Moritz Blumberg: surgery: peritonitis: rebound ...