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Seismic reflection exploration grew out of the seismic refraction exploration method, which was used to find oil associated with salt domes. [2] Ludger Mintrop, a German mine surveyor, devised a mechanical seismograph in 1914 that he successfully used to detect salt domes in Germany. He applied for a German patent in 1919 that was issued in 1926.
Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction is a technique used in geophysical investigations of Earth's crust and upper mantle.It allows the development of a detailed model of seismic velocities beneath Earth's surface well beyond the reach of exploration boreholes.
Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics. Seismic refraction traverses (seismic lines) are performed using an array of seismographs or geophones and an energy source. The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock.
In refraction seismology, direct wave (blue) arrive the receivers first, followed by headwave (red). The point where the direct wave and headwave meet is known as the crossover point. Reflection Seismology: Seismic reflection capitalizes on the echo of seismic waves off boundaries where acoustic impedance varies between earth layers. [81]
Seismic waves would travel in straight lines if Earth was of uniform composition, but structural, chemical, and thermal variations affect the properties of seismic waves, most importantly their velocity, leading to the reflection and refraction of these waves. The location and magnitude of variations in the subsurface can be calculated by the ...
Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.
Seismic reflection and refraction techniques are the most widely used geophysical technique in hydrocarbon exploration. They are used to map the subsurface distribution of stratigraphy and its structure which can be used to delineate potential hydrocarbon accumulations, both stratigraphic and structural deposits or "traps".
The need for migration has been understood since the beginnings of seismic exploration and the very first seismic reflection data from 1921 were migrated. [5] Computational migration algorithms have been around for many years but they have only entered wide usage in the past 20 years because they are extremely resource-intensive.