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Diastrophism is the process of deformation of the Earth's crust which involves folding and faulting. Diastrophism can be considered part of geotectonics. The word is derived from the Greek διαστροϕή diastrophḗ 'distortion, dislocation'. [1]
View of Doso Doyabi, Snake Range, Nevada, which was formed by detachment faulting. A detachment fault is a gently dipping normal fault associated with large-scale extensional tectonics . [ 1 ] Detachment faults often have very large displacements (tens of km) and juxtapose unmetamorphosed hanging walls against medium to high-grade metamorphic ...
Plate tectonics is a theory developed during the 1960s which describes the movement of continents by way of the separation and collision of crustal plates. It is in a sense structural geology on a planet scale, and is used throughout structural geology as a framework to analyze and understand global, regional, and local scale features.
The thin-skinned style of deformation is typical of many fold and thrust belts developed in the foreland of a collisional zone or back arc of a continental volcanic arc. This is particularly the case where a good basal decollement exists, usually in a weaker layer like a shale , evaporite , or a zone of high pore fluid pressure. [ 2 ]
Drag folding is a zone of folding close to a fault that likely arises from frictional resistance to movement on the fault. [13] The direction and magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only by finding common intersection points on either side of the fault (called a piercing point ).
The definition of disharmonic folds (below) however, incorporates many types of symmetric folds over a larger area encompassing many geometries and attributes of the basic models and may be better suited to the application of these models. Figure 3. Disharmonic folding of a detachment fold using a symmetric geometric fold as a model.
A collision zone occurs when tectonic plates meet at a convergent boundary both bearing continental lithosphere.As continental lithosphere is usually not subducted due to its relatively low density, the result is a complex area of orogeny involving folding and thrust faulting as the blocks of continental crust pile up above the subduction zone.
Intraplate deformation is the folding, breaking, or flow of the Earth's crust within plates instead of at their margins. This process usually occurs in areas with especially weak crust and upper mantle, such as the Tibetan Plateau (Figure 1). Intraplate deformation brings another aspect to plate tectonic theory.