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In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher, [1] an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles: . A 0 = A, A A = 0, A B = B A, (A B) C = A (B C),
In cryptography, XOR is sometimes used as a simple, self-inverse mixing function, such as in one-time pad or Feistel network systems. [citation needed] XOR is also heavily used in block ciphers such as AES (Rijndael) or Serpent and in block cipher implementation (CBC, CFB, OFB or CTR).
In cryptography, the dining cryptographers problem studies how to perform a secure multi-party computation of the boolean-XOR function. David Chaum first proposed this problem in the early 1980s and used it as an illustrative example to show that it was possible to send anonymous messages with unconditional sender and recipient untraceability.
XOR/table Paul Hsieh's SuperFastHash [1] 32 bits Buzhash: variable XOR/table Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function (FNV Hash) 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, or 1024 bits xor/product or product/XOR Jenkins hash function: 32 or 64 bits XOR/addition Bernstein's hash djb2 [2] 32 or 64 bits shift/add or mult/add or shift/add/xor or mult/xor PJW hash / Elf Hash ...
However, xor is commutative and has the property that X xor X = 0 (self-inverse) so: E(A) xor E(B) = (A xor C) xor (B xor C) = A xor B xor C xor C = A xor B If one message is longer than the other, our adversary just truncates the longer message to the size of the shorter and their attack will only reveal that portion of the longer message.
On July 22, 1919, U.S. Patent 1,310,719 was issued to Gilbert Vernam for the XOR operation used for the encryption of a one-time pad. [7] Derived from his Vernam cipher , the system was a cipher that combined a message with a key read from a punched tape .
Cryptography, or cryptology (from ... (c. 1900 BCE), ... and applying an XOR operation to each bit of the plaintext with each bit of the keystream. ...
Non-commutative cryptography is the area of cryptology where the cryptographic primitives, ... denotes the XOR operation. Alice sends C to Bob. ...