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  2. Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

    The model is inconsistent with the emerging Lambda-CDM model of cosmology. Contentions include the absence of an explanation in the Standard Model of particle physics for the observed amount of cold dark matter (CDM) and its contributions to dark energy, which are many orders of magnitude too large.

  3. Elementary particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

    Elementary particle. In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. [1] The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons.

  4. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons , quarks , gauge bosons and the Higgs boson .

  5. Higgs boson - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

    The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, [9][10] is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, [11][12] one of the fields in particle physics theory. [12] In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a massive scalar boson with zero spin, even (positive ...

  6. Particle physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics

    Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.

  7. List of particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

    A WISP (weakly interacting slender particle) is any one of a number of low mass particles that might explain dark matter (such as the axion) A GIMP (gravitationally interacting massive particle) is a particle which provides an alternative explanation of dark matter, instead of the aforementioned WIMP

  8. Timeline of particle discoveries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_particle...

    The Standard Model is the most comprehensive existing model of particle behavior. All Standard Model particles including the Higgs boson have been verified, and all other observed particles are combinations of two or more Standard Model particles. Antiparticles which were historically important to the development of particle physics ...

  9. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    β−. in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. [13] Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, [14] and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. [1]

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