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The elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is a fundamental physical constant, defined as the electric charge carried by a single proton (+ 1e) or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 e. [2] [a]
The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e. Today, a negative charge is defined as the charge carried by an electron and a positive charge is that carried by a proton . Before these particles were discovered, a positive charge was defined by Benjamin Franklin as the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with ...
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol p, H +, or 1 H + with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio).
Within the limits of experimental accuracy, the electron charge is identical to the charge of a proton, but with the opposite sign. [83] The electron is commonly symbolized by e −, and the positron is symbolized by e +. [79] [80] The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum or spin of ħ / 2 . [80]
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (n p) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element.
There are two recognized types of charge carriers in semiconductors.One is electrons, which carry a negative electric charge.In addition, it is convenient to treat the traveling vacancies in the valence band electron population as a second type of charge carrier, which carry a positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron.
With a cation it is just the opposite: it has fewer electrons than protons, giving it a net positive charge, hence the indication "Cation (+)". Since the electric charge on a proton is equal in magnitude to the charge on an electron, the net electric charge on an ion is equal to the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.