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Differential equations are prominent in many scientific areas. Nonlinear ones are of particular interest for their commonality in describing real-world systems and how much more difficult they are to solve compared to linear differential equations.
COPASI, a free (Artistic License 2.0) software package for the integration and analysis of ODEs. MATLAB, a technical computing application (MATrix LABoratory) GNU Octave, a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. Scilab, an open source application for numerical computation.
MATLAB (an abbreviation of "MATrix LABoratory" [22]) is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks.MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages.
, a vector in , are dependent variables for which no derivatives are present (algebraic variables), t {\displaystyle t} , a scalar (usually time) is an independent variable. F {\displaystyle F} is a vector of n + m {\displaystyle n+m} functions that involve subsets of these n + m + 1 {\displaystyle n+m+1} variables and n {\displaystyle n ...
methods for second order ODEs. We said that all higher-order ODEs can be transformed to first-order ODEs of the form (1). While this is certainly true, it may not be the best way to proceed. In particular, Nyström methods work directly with second-order equations.
The second-order autonomous equation = (, ′) is more difficult, but it can be solved [2] by introducing the new variable = and expressing the second derivative of via the chain rule as = = = so that the original equation becomes = (,) which is a first order equation containing no reference to the independent variable .
It may further be combined with computational methods, such as the boundary element method to allow the linear method to solve nonlinear systems. Different from the numerical technique of homotopy continuation , the homotopy analysis method is an analytic approximation method as opposed to a discrete computational method.
Given a simply connected and open subset D of and two functions I and J which are continuous on D, an implicit first-order ordinary differential equation of the form (,) + (,) =,is called an exact differential equation if there exists a continuously differentiable function F, called the potential function, [1] [2] so that