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Physiognomy of the melancholic temperament (drawing by Thomas Holloway, c.1789, made for Johann Kaspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy). Melancholia or melancholy (from Greek: µέλαινα χολή melaina chole, [1] meaning black bile) [2] is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval, and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood ...
Melancholia and melancholy had been used interchangeably until the 19th century, but the former came to refer to a pathological condition and the latter to a temperament. [3] The term depression was derived from the Latin verb deprimere, "to press down". [12] From the 14th century, "to depress" meant to subjugate or to bring down in spirits.
Melancholy may refer to: Melancholia, one of the four temperaments in pre-modern medicine and proto-psychology, representing a state of low mood; Depression (mood), a state of low mood, also known as melancholy; Major depressive disorder, a mood disorder historically called melancholy
The word melancholia is derived from melas/μελας, meaning "black", and chole/χολη, meaning "bile" or "gall", [1] indicative of the term's origins in pre-Hippocratic humoral theories. A man known as Aretaeus of Cappadocia has the first records of analyzing the symptoms of depression and mania in the 1st century of Greece. There is ...
Black bile was associated with a melancholy nature, the word melancholy itself deriving from the Greek for 'black bile', μέλαινα χολή (melaina kholé). Depression was attributed to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen. [31] Cancer was also attributed to an excess of black bile concentrated in a specific area. [32]
Saudade (English: / s aʊ ˈ d ɑː d ə /, [1] European Portuguese: [sɐwˈðaðɨ], Brazilian Portuguese: [sawˈdadʒi] ⓘ, Galician: [sawˈðaðɪ], Northeast Brazil: [saw.ˈda.di]; plural saudades) [2] is an emotional state of melancholic or profoundly nostalgic longing for a beloved yet absent something or someone.
The following three sections proceed in a similarly exhaustive fashion: the first section focuses on the causes and symptoms of "common" melancholies, the second section deals with cures for melancholy, and the third section explores more complex and esoteric melancholies, including the melancholy of lovers and all manner of religious melancholies.
The painting Stańczyk, which contains a depiction of the sad clown paradox. The sad clown paradox is the contradictory association, in performers, between comedy and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety.