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Simpson's rule - Wikipedia
The trapezoidal rule is one of a family of formulas for numerical integration called Newton–Cotes formulas, of which the midpoint rule is similar to the trapezoid rule. Simpson's rule is another member of the same family, and in general has faster convergence than the trapezoidal rule for functions which are twice continuously differentiable ...
Simpson's rule, which is based on a polynomial of order 2, is also a Newton–Cotes formula. Quadrature rules with equally spaced points have the very convenient property of nesting. The corresponding rule with each interval subdivided includes all the current points, so those integrand values can be re-used.
A simple predictor–corrector method (known as Heun's method) can be constructed from the Euler method (an explicit method) and the trapezoidal rule (an implicit method). Consider the differential equation ′ = (,), =, and denote the step size by .
Adaptive Simpson's method, also called adaptive Simpson's rule, is a method of numerical integration proposed by G.F. Kuncir in 1962. [1] It is probably the first recursive adaptive algorithm for numerical integration to appear in print, [ 2 ] although more modern adaptive methods based on Gauss–Kronrod quadrature and Clenshaw–Curtis ...
While not derived as a Riemann sum, taking the average of the left and right Riemann sums is the trapezoidal rule and gives a trapezoidal sum. It is one of the simplest of a very general way of approximating integrals using weighted averages. This is followed in complexity by Simpson's rule and Newton–Cotes formulas.
The next iterate of a linear multistep method depends on the previous s iterates. Thus, in the definition for the local truncation error, it is now assumed that the previous s iterates all correspond to the exact solution:
The zeroeth extrapolation, R(n, 0), is equivalent to the trapezoidal rule with 2 n + 1 points; the first extrapolation, R(n, 1), is equivalent to Simpson's rule with 2 n + 1 points. The second extrapolation, R(n, 2), is equivalent to Boole's rule with 2 n + 1 points. The further extrapolations differ from Newton-Cotes formulas.