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Ancient Hebrew writings are texts written in Biblical Hebrew using the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.. The earliest known precursor to Hebrew, an inscription in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, is the Khirbet Qeiyafa Inscription (11th–10th century BCE), [1] if it can be considered Hebrew at that early a stage.
Early Paleo-Hebrew writing – contenders for the earliest Hebrew inscriptions include the Gezer calendar, Biblical period ostraca at Elah and Izbet Sartah, [40] and the Zayit Stone; Yeho'ezer ben Hosh'ayahu seal – 2,700 year old seal discovered in 2024 in Jerusalem.
The Mount Ebal curse tablet is an inscribed folded lead sheet reportedly found on Mount Ebal in the West Bank, near Nablus, in December 2019.The artifact, discovered by a team of archaeologists led by Scott Stripling, was found by wet-sifting the discarded material from Adam Zertal's 1982–1989 archaeological excavation.
The earliest known inscription in the Paleo-Hebrew script is the Zayit Stone discovered on a wall at Tel Zayit, in the Beth Guvrin Valley in the lowlands of ancient Judea in 2005, about 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Jerusalem. The 22 letters were carved on one side of the 38 lb (17 kg) stone, which resembles a bowl on the other.
The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts. The Tetragrammaton [note 1] is the four-letter Hebrew theonym יהוה (transliterated as YHWH or YHVH), the name of God in the Hebrew Bible.
The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II was the first of this type of inscription found anywhere in the Levant (modern Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria). [1] [2]The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, [3] are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the societies and histories of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans.
The inscriptions testify to the high literacy level among their writers, and even the "doodles" speak of calligraphic sophistication. Making comparison to the ancient and canonical Song of Deborah, [63] Ahituv 2014 elevates them to the "oldest known Hebrew poem" caught quoting a theophany that predates its scriptor. [64]
Knowledge of Hadad-yith'i's rule comes largely from the statue and its inscription found at the Tell Fekheriye. [1] Known as the Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription , as it is written in both Old Aramaic and Akkadian , its discovery, decipherment and study contributes significantly to cultural and linguistic understandings of the region.