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Birth injury refers to damage or injury to the child before, during, or just after the birthing process. " Birth trauma " refers specifically to mechanical damage sustained during delivery (such as nerve damage and broken bones).
Birth injuries encompass any systemic damages incurred during delivery (hypoxic, toxic, biochemical, infection factors, etc.), but "birth trauma" focuses largely on mechanical damage. Caput succedaneum , bruises , bleeding along the displacements of cranial bones, and subcapsular hematomas of the liver are among reported birth injuries.
Some other common factors that can cause cephalohematoma are when using forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery methods, vaginal delivery of large infants, primigravida (the first pregnancy conceived by a pregnant person), when the infant is in a non-ideal position during delivery, and having a prolonged second stage of labor.
It is the most common form of obstetric injury. [1] Tears vary widely in severity. The majority are superficial and may require no treatment, but severe tears can cause significant bleeding, long-term pain or dysfunction. A perineal tear is distinct from an episiotomy, in which the perineum is intentionally incised to facilitate delivery ...
Environmental and social barriers that prevent access to basic medical resources contribute to an increased infant mortality rate, 86% of infant deaths are caused by infections, premature births, complications during delivery, perinatal asphyxia, and birth injuries. Many of these common causes are preventable with low-cost measures. [18]
The main causes of obstructed labour include a large or abnormally positioned baby, a small pelvis, and problems with the birth canal. [2] Both the size and the position of the fetus can lead to obstructed labor. Abnormal positioning includes shoulder dystocia where the anterior shoulder does not pass easily below the pubic bone. [2]
Preterm birth is the birth of an infant at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age. Globally, about 15 million infants were born before 37 weeks of gestation. [152] Premature birth is the leading cause of death in children under five years of age though many that survive experience disabilities including learning defects and visual and hearing ...
C-sections are usually a necessary measure in prolonged labor to avoid serious birth complications. If the mother reaches the active phase of prolonged labor, a C-section is the safest solution. Caesarean sections need to be performed immediately if there are signs of fetal distress, uterine rupture , or cord prolapse.