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Fractional calculus was introduced in one of Niels Henrik Abel's early papers [3] where all the elements can be found: the idea of fractional-order integration and differentiation, the mutually inverse relationship between them, the understanding that fractional-order differentiation and integration can be considered as the same generalized ...
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
If the discriminant of such a polynomial is negative, then both roots of the quadratic equation have imaginary parts. In particular, if b and c are real numbers and b 2 − 4 c < 0, all the convergents of this continued fraction "solution" will be real numbers, and they cannot possibly converge to a root of the form u + iv (where v ≠ 0 ...
For negative values of n (negative powers of x), there is a singularity at x = 0, and thus the definite integral is based at 1, rather than 0, yielding: = + (+) Further, for negative fractional (non-integer) values of n, the power x n is not well-defined, hence the indefinite integral is only defined for positive x.
In general, the following identity holds for all non-negative integers m and n, = = + . This is structurally identical to the property of exponentiation that a m a n = a m + n.. In general, for arbitrary general (negative, non-integer, etc.) indices m and n, this relation is called the translation functional equation, cf. Schröder's equation and Abel equation.
In mathematics, an alternating series is an infinite series of terms that alternate between positive and negative signs. In capital-sigma notation this is expressed ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n a n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}a_{n}} or ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 a n {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n+1}a_{n}} with a n ...
Multi-index notation is a mathematical notation that simplifies formulas used in multivariable calculus, partial differential equations and the theory of distributions, by generalising the concept of an integer index to an ordered tuple of indices.
The semi-Fibonacci sequence (sequence A030067 in the OEIS) is defined via the same recursion for odd-indexed terms (+) = + and () =, but for even indices () = (), . The bisection A030068 of odd-indexed terms s ( n ) = a ( 2 n − 1 ) {\displaystyle s(n)=a(2n-1)} therefore verifies s ( n + 1 ) = s ( n ) + a ( n ) {\displaystyle s(n+1)=s(n)+a(n ...