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  2. Abstract and concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete

    Abstract objects are most commonly used in philosophy, particularly metaphysics, and semantics. They are sometimes called abstracta in contrast to concreta. The term abstract object is said to have been coined by Willard Van Orman Quine. [5] Abstract object theory is a discipline that studies the nature and role of abstract objects. It holds ...

  3. Creational pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creational_pattern

    abstract factory pattern, which provides an interface for creating related or dependent objects without specifying the objects' concrete classes. [3] builder pattern, which separates the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations.

  4. Abstract type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_type

    In class-based object-oriented programming, abstract types are implemented as abstract classes (also known as abstract base classes), and concrete types as concrete classes. In generic programming , the analogous notion is a concept , which similarly specifies syntax and semantics, but does not require a subtype relationship: two unrelated ...

  5. Abstraction (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)

    Each level uses a system of expression involving a unique set of objects and compositions that apply only to a particular domain. [12] Each relatively abstract, "higher" level builds on a relatively concrete, "lower" level, which tends to provide an increasingly "granular" representation. For example, gates build on electronic circuits, binary ...

  6. Factory method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern

    Instead, the Creator refers to a separate factoryMethod() to create a product object, which makes the Creator independent of the exact concrete class that is instantiated. Subclasses of Creator can redefine which class to instantiate. In this example, the Creator1 subclass implements the abstract factoryMethod() by instantiating the Product1 class.

  7. 5 Things You Can Still Do Now To Minimize Your 2025 Tax Bill

    www.aol.com/finance/5-things-still-now-minimize...

    “Once this is set up, don’t touch it,” Jerry said. Give Generously. Don’t forget about donations and charitable giving.

  8. Spirit Airlines files for bankruptcy following mounting debt ...

    www.aol.com/spirit-airlines-files-bankruptcy...

    Spirit Airlines said Monday it has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after struggling with losses, growing debt and a failed merger during the post-pandemic travel lull.

  9. Software design pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern

    Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it. Yes Yes Yes Command: Encapsulate a request as an object, thereby allowing for the parameterization of clients with different requests, and the queuing or logging of requests. It also allows for the support of undoable operations. Yes Yes Yes Fluent ...