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While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry, [5] and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist Maurice Duverger, [6] both of whom intended to describe ...
A semi-presidential republic is a government system with power divided between a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government, used in countries like France, Portugal, and Egypt. The president, elected by the people, symbolizes national unity and foreign policy while the prime minister is appointed by the president or ...
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There are three types of government systems in European politics: in a presidential system, the president is the head of state and the head of government; in a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister share a number of competences; finally, in a parliamentary republic, the president is a ceremonial figurehead who has few political competences.
during or within five years after World War I (1914–1923) – marked in green; during or within five years after World War II (1939–1950) – marked in pink. Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia ) when the transition to a republic took place.
Anocracy, or semi-democracy, [1] is a form of government that is loosely defined as part democracy and part dictatorship, [2] [3] or as a "regime that mixes democratic with autocratic features". [3] Another definition classifies anocracy as "a regime that permits some means of participation through opposition group behavior but that has ...
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Cossacks were predominantly East Slavic people who became known as members of democratic, semi-military and semi-naval communities, predominantly located in Ukraine and in Southern Russia. [24] They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper , [ 25 ] Don , Terek , and Ural river basins, and played an important role in ...