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2. Kidney stone disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease

   Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a kidney stone showing tetragonal crystals of weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate) emerging from the amorphous central part of the stone (the horizontal length of the picture represents 0.5 mm of the figured original) Multiple kidney stones composed of uric acid and a small amount of calcium ...

3. Uric acid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid

   Saturation levels of uric acid in blood may result in one form of kidney stones when the urate crystallizes in the kidney. These uric acid stones are radiolucent, so do not appear on an abdominal plain X-ray. [57] Uric acid crystals can also promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones, acting as "seed crystals". [58]

4. Alkali citrate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_citrate

   It is also used to increase urine pH (alkalinize urine) - this prevents uric acid stones and cystine stones (which form in cystinuria). [2] It is different from citric acid which is citrate bonded by hydrogen ions (or protons) making it acidic. [3] Citric acid does not alkalinize urine as alkali citrate does. [4]

5. Uricosuric - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uricosuric

   By decreasing plasma uric acid levels, help dissolve these crystals, while limiting the formation of new ones. However, the increased uric acid levels in urine can contribute to kidney stones. Thus, use of these drugs is contraindicated in persons already with a high urine concentration of uric acid (hyperuricosuria). In borderline cases ...

6. Hyperuricosuria - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperuricosuria

   Hyperuricosuria is a medical term referring to the presence of excessive amounts of uric acid in the urine. For men this is at a rate greater than 800 mg/day, and for women, 750 mg/day. [1] Notable direct causes of hyperuricosuria are dissolution of uric acid crystals in the kidneys or urinary bladder, and hyperuricemia.

7. Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid/potassium...

   Increasing the amount of citrate in the blood is also important for kidney stone prevention because citrate creates chemical complexes with calcium, preventing nucleation and agglomeration with oxalate that leads to kidney stones. [2] Because of these two mechanisms of treatment, it can be used to treat both calcium oxalate and uric acid kidney ...