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An intramedullary rod, also known as an intramedullary nail (IM nail) or inter-locking nail or Küntscher nail (without proximal or distal fixation), is a metal rod forced into the medullary cavity of a bone. IM nails have long been used to treat fractures of long bones of the body.
Photostress recovery time measurement procedure is known as photostress test. Normal recovery time is about 15–30 seconds. [1] The photostress test is a simple, easy and quick clinical technique that can differentiate between retinal and postretinal (e.g.optic nerve) disease. [2]
Intramedullary stabilization involves inserting a rod or nail into the tibial medullary canal. This offers structural support from within the affected bone, allowing for bone alignment and union. Surgeons may opt for flexible or rigid intramedullary nails depending on patient-specific factors such as age, pseudarthrosis severity and any ...
An example of the Landolt C eye chart (also known as the Japanese eye chart.). Numerous types of eye charts exist and are used in various situations. For example, the Snellen chart is designed for use at 6 meters or 20 feet, and is thus appropriate for testing distance vision, while the ETDRS chart is designed for use at 4 meters. [16]
The Jaeger chart is an eye chart used in testing near visual acuity. It is a card on which paragraphs of text are printed, with the text sizes increasing from 0.37 mm to 2.5 mm. [ 1 ] This card is to be held by a patient at a fixed distance from the eye dependent on the J size being read.
Telescoping IM rods are widely used, [119] and the common Fassier–Duval IM rod is designed to be used to rod the femur, tibia, and humerus. [120]: 1 The surgery involves breaking the long bones in between one and three (or more) [119]: Figure 4 places, then fixing the rod alongside the bone to keep it straight. [120]: 11
Amsler grid, Chart 1. There are 7 types of Amsler grid charts. All charts measure 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in), which when viewed at a distance of 33 cm (13 in) from the eye can be used to measure defects in the central 20 degrees of the visual field. [3]
The Maddox rod is a handheld instrument composed of red parallel plano convex cylinder lens, which refracts light rays so that a point source of light is seen as a line or streak of light. [2] Due to the optical properties, the streak of light is seen perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. [3] Maddox rod and pen torch used in Maddox rod testing