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  2. Climate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_system

    The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [1]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).

  3. Ecosphere (planetary) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosphere_(planetary)

    It's possible for the hydrosphere to be highly distributed throughout other component spheres such as the geosphere and atmosphere. There are about 1.4 billion km of water on Earth. That includes liquid water in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. It includes frozen water in snow, ice, and glaciers, and water that’s underground in soils and rocks.

  4. Geosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosphere

    There are several conflicting usages of geosphere, variously defined. It may be taken as the collective name for the lithosphere , the hydrosphere , the cryosphere , and the atmosphere . [ 1 ] The different collectives of the geosphere are able to exchange different mass and/or energy fluxes (the measurable amount of change).

  5. Earth system science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science

    They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [28]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).

  6. Physical geography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography

    Similar to most fields of physical geography it has sub-fields that examine the specific bodies of water or their interaction with other spheres e.g. limnology and ecohydrology. Glaciology is the study of glaciers and ice sheets, or more commonly the cryosphere or ice and phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology groups the latter (ice sheets) as ...

  7. Earth system interactions across mountain belts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_interactions...

    Interaction of the asthenosphere, lithosphere, and surface though the mantle process of subduction at an oceanic-continental plate boundary. Volcanism which originates from the mantle occurs on the surface. Interaction of the asthenosphere, lithosphere, and surface through the mantle process of slab break-off. Grey indicates crust, purple ...

  8. Pedosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedosphere

    The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life ...

  9. Biogeochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemistry

    Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere).