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  2. Frost line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line

    The frost line—also known as frost depth or freezing depth—is most commonly the depth to which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze. The frost depth depends on the climatic conditions of an area, the heat transfer properties of the soil and adjacent materials, and on nearby heat sources.

  3. Hazen–Williams equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen–Williams_equation

    S foot of water per foot of pipe; P d = pressure drop over the length of pipe in psig (pounds per square inch gauge pressure) L = length of pipe in feet; Q = flow, gpm (gallons per minute) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, in (inches) Note: Caution with U S Customary Units is advised. The equation for head loss in pipes ...

  4. Trace heating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_heating

    Hot water service piping can also be traced, so that a circulating system is not needed to provide hot water at outlets. The combination of trace heating and the correct thermal insulation for the operating ambient temperature maintains a thermal balance where the heat output from the trace heating matches the heat loss from the pipe.

  5. Category:Ground freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ground_freezing

    The term 'ground freezing' is used: a. when a section of ground is reduced in temperature either to stabilise the structure e.g. when underground water flow prevents mining or tunnel construction. b. to store cold energy for subsequent use in air conditioning or other cooling. See Thermal Energy Storage

  6. The makeup of 85% of water line materials in Bartlesville is ...

    www.aol.com/makeup-85-water-line-materials...

    Locate the service line: Find where the service line enters your home, often near the basement or crawl space. Conduct a scratch test : Use a flat-head screwdriver or coin to scratch the pipe.

  7. Moody chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_chart

    where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pipe and is the pipe diameter. The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the ...

  8. Frost damage (construction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_damage_(construction)

    Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [citation needed] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes ...

  9. Boosting disaster relief, helping deepfake porn victims: Here ...

    www.aol.com/boosting-disaster-relief-helping...

    Pay raises for lawmakers. Tuesday's bill would give lawmakers their first raise since 2009. Members of Congress currently make $174,000 a year, with increases for some leadership positions.