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  2. Algebraic topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_topology

    Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism , though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence .

  3. Homotopy group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_group

    In mathematics, homotopy groups are used in algebraic topology to classify topological spaces. The first and simplest homotopy group is the fundamental group , denoted π 1 ( X ) , {\displaystyle \pi _{1}(X),} which records information about loops in a space .

  4. Higher category theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_category_theory

    An example in topology is the composition of paths, where the identity and association conditions hold only up to reparameterization, and hence up to homotopy, which is the 2-isomorphism for this 2-category. These n-isomorphisms must well behave between hom-sets and expressing this is the difficulty in the definition of weak n-categories.

  5. Specialization (pre)order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialization_(pre)order

    In the branch of mathematics known as topology, the specialization (or canonical) preorder is a natural preorder on the set of the points of a topological space.For most spaces that are considered in practice, namely for all those that satisfy the T 0 separation axiom, this preorder is even a partial order (called the specialization order).

  6. Pushout (category theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushout_(category_theory)

    An introduction to categorical approaches to algebraic topology: the focus is on the algebra, and assumes a topological background. Ronald Brown "Topology and Groupoids" pdf available Gives an account of some categorical methods in topology, use the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points to give a generalisation of the Seifert-van Kampen ...

  7. Homotopy theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_theory

    In homotopy theory and algebraic topology, the word "space" denotes a topological space.In order to avoid pathologies, one rarely works with arbitrary spaces; instead, one requires spaces to meet extra constraints, such as being compactly generated weak Hausdorff or a CW complex.

  8. Eilenberg–MacLane space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilenberg–MacLane_space

    In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, an Eilenberg–MacLane space [note 1] is a topological space with a single nontrivial homotopy group. Let G be a group and n a positive integer . A connected topological space X is called an Eilenberg–MacLane space of type K ( G , n ) {\displaystyle K(G,n)} , if it has n -th homotopy group π n ...

  9. Lefschetz hyperplane theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefschetz_hyperplane_theorem

    In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, the Lefschetz hyperplane theorem is a precise statement of certain relations between the shape of an algebraic variety and the shape of its subvarieties.

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