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Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism , though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence .
A topological algebra over a topological field is a topological vector space together with a bilinear multiplication ⋅ : A × A → A {\displaystyle \cdot :A\times A\to A} , ( a , b ) ↦ a ⋅ b {\displaystyle (a,b)\mapsto a\cdot b}
In mathematics, homotopy groups are used in algebraic topology to classify topological spaces. The first and simplest homotopy group is the fundamental group , denoted π 1 ( X ) , {\displaystyle \pi _{1}(X),} which records information about loops in a space .
In homotopy theory and algebraic topology, the word "space" denotes a topological space.In order to avoid pathologies, one rarely works with arbitrary spaces; instead, one requires spaces to meet extra constraints, such as being compactly generated weak Hausdorff or a CW complex.
In algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, branches of mathematics, A 1 homotopy theory or motivic homotopy theory is a way to apply the techniques of algebraic topology, specifically homotopy, to algebraic varieties and, more generally, to schemes. The theory is due to Fabien Morel and Vladimir Voevodsky.
In mathematics, specifically algebraic topology, the mapping cylinder [1] of a continuous function between topological spaces and is the quotient = (([,])) / where the denotes the disjoint union, and ~ is the equivalence relation generated by
Let X be a topological space and A, B be two subspaces whose interiors cover X. (The interiors of A and B need not be disjoint.) The Mayer–Vietoris sequence in singular homology for the triad (X, A, B) is a long exact sequence relating the singular homology groups (with coefficient group the integers Z) of the spaces X, A, B, and the intersection A∩B. [8]
In the above example, a connection with classical Galois theory can be seen by regarding ^ as the profinite Galois group Gal(F /F) of the algebraic closure F of any finite field F, over F. That is, the automorphisms of F fixing F are described by the inverse limit, as we take larger and larger finite splitting fields over F .
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