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The Hox genes, being a subset of homeobox genes, arose more recently in evolution within the animal kingdom or Metazoa. Within the animal kingdom, Hox genes are present across the bilateria [10] (animals with a clear head-to-tail axis), and have also been found in Cnidaria such as sea anemones. [11]
Phylogenetic analysis of homeobox gene sequences and homeodomain protein structures suggests that the last common ancestor of plants, fungi, and animals had at least two homeobox genes. [21] Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera , making these genes ...
Hox genes are found in bilateral animals, including Drosophila (in which they were first discovered) and humans. Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes. The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans. In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of ...
Hox genes determine where repeating parts, such as the many vertebrae of snakes, will grow in a developing embryo or larva. [9] Pax-6, already mentioned, is a classic toolkit gene. [48] Although other toolkit genes are involved in establishing the plant bodyplan, [49] homeobox genes are also found in plants, implying they are common to all ...
In plants, however, the developmental genes affected by homeosis may control anything from the development of a stamen or petals to the development of chlorophyll. [2] Homeosis may be caused by mutations in Hox genes, found in animals, or others such as the MADS-box family in plants.
Homeotic selector genes encode regulatory DNA-binding proteins which are all related through a highly conserved DNA binding sequences called the homeobox (from which the "Hox Complex" name is derived from). Although each all of the DNA-binding complexes are conserved, each para-segment still has an individual identity.
In plants, MADS-box genes are involved in controlling all major aspects of development, including male and female gametophyte development, embryo and seed development, as well as root, flower and fruit development. [12] [13] Some MADS-box genes of flowering plants have homeotic functions like the HOX genes of animals. [1]
Paralogous genes can shape the structure of whole genomes and thus explain genome evolution to a large extent. Examples include the Homeobox genes in animals. These genes not only underwent gene duplications within chromosomes but also whole genome duplications. As a result, Hox genes in most vertebrates are clustered across multiple ...