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Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene. Polypropylene belongs to the group of polyolefins and is partially crystalline and non-polar.
Therefore, the polypropylene product generally did not require additional purification steps to remove the atactic or low crystalline fraction. This meant that the APP supply from polypropylene plants using standard first- and early second-generation Z-N catalysts decreased as commercial plants adopted the new catalysts.
The PP and PE components of a blend constitute the "crystalline phase", and the rubber and branched PE chains and PE/PP end groups gives the "amorphous phase". If PP and PE are the dominant component of a TPO blend then the rubber fraction will be dispersed into a continuous matrix of "crystalline" polypropylene.
Many plastics are completely amorphous (without a highly ordered molecular structure), [20] including thermosets, polystyrene, and methyl methacrylate (PMMA). Crystalline plastics exhibit a pattern of more regularly spaced atoms, such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polyether ether ketone (PEEK ...
Amorphous and semi-amorphous plastics are less resistant to chemical attack and environmental stress cracking because they lack a crystalline structure. Brittleness can be decreased with the addition of plasticizers , which increases the mobility of amorphous chain segments to effectively lower the glass transition temperature.
For example, atactic polypropylene is usually amorphous and transparent while syndiotactic polypropylene, which has crystallinity ~50%, is opaque. [30] Crystallinity also affects dyeing of polymers: crystalline polymers are more difficult to stain than amorphous ones because the dye molecules penetrate through amorphous regions with greater ease.
Polyamorphism is also an important area in pharmaceutical science. The amorphous form of a drug typically has much better aqueous solubility (compared to the analogous crystalline form) but the actual local structure in an amorphous pharmaceutical can be different, depending on the method used to form the amorphous phase.
Most clays are crystalline, but some clays or some parts of clay minerals are amorphous. [16] The clays of a soil are a mixture of the various types of clay, but one type predominates. [17] Typically there are four main groups of clay minerals: kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and chlorite. [18]