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  2. History of the Panama Canal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal

    The idea of the Panama Canal dates back to 1513, when the Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa first crossed the Isthmus of Panama. This narrow land bridge between North and South America was a fine location to dig a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

  3. Magellan expedition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan_expedition

    The fleet sailed south along the South American coast, hoping to reach el paso, the fabled strait that would allow them passage past South America to the Spice Islands. On 11 January [ n 4 ] , a headland marked by three hills was sighted, which the crew believed to be "Cape Santa Maria".

  4. History of the Incas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Incas

    The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire which was centered in modern-day South America in Peru and Chile. [1] It was about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) from the northern to southern tip. [2] The Inca Empire lasted from 1438 to 1533. It was the largest Empire in America throughout the Pre-Columbian era. [1]

  5. Panama Canal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal

    Location of Panama between the Pacific Ocean (bottom) and the Caribbean Sea (top), with the canal at top center. The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an artificial 82-kilometer (51-mile) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, cutting across the Isthmus of Panama, and is a conduit for maritime trade.

  6. Exploration of the Pacific - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Pacific

    In 1513, Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and encountered the Pacific Ocean, calling it the South Sea. In 1521, a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan was the first recorded crossing of the Pacific Ocean, Magellan then naming it the "peaceful sea."

  7. Culebra Cut - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra_Cut

    Culebra Cut Construction in 1909. The United States took over on May 4, 1904. Under the leadership of John F. Stevens, and later George Washington Goethals, the American effort started work on a cut that was wider but not as deep, as part of a new plan for an elevated lock-based canal, with a bottom width of 91 metres (299 ft); this would require creation of a valley up to 540 metres (0.34 mi ...

  8. History of South America - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America

    1892 map of South America Animation showing geographic evolution of European colonies and breakaway states in South America, 1700 to present Contemporary political map of South America The history of South America is the study of the past, particularly the written record, oral histories, and traditions, passed down from generation to generation ...

  9. Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the...

    The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro, along with his brothers in arms and their indigenous allies, captured the last Sapa Inca, Atahualpa, at the ...