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  2. Passive speaker (language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language)

    For example, around 10% of the Ainu people who speak the language are considered passive speakers. Passive speakers are often targeted in language revival efforts to increase the number of speakers of a language quickly, as they are likely to gain active and near-native speaking skills more quickly than those with no knowledge of the language.

  3. Fluency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluency

    Oral fluency or speaking fluency is a measurement both of production and reception of speech, as a fluent speaker must be able to understand and respond to others in conversation. Spoken language is typically characterized by seemingly non-fluent qualities (e.g., fragmentation, pauses, false starts, hesitation, repetition) because of ‘task ...

  4. Jargon aphasia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jargon_aphasia

    Jargon aphasia is a type of fluent aphasia in which an individual's speech is incomprehensible, but appears to make sense to the individual. Persons experiencing this condition will either replace a desired word with another that sounds or looks like the original one, or has some other connection to it, or they will replace it with random sounds.

  5. Opposite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite

    For example, something that is even entails that it is not odd. It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members in a set of opposites. The relationship between opposites is known as opposition. A member of a pair of opposites can generally be determined by the question What is the opposite of X ?

  6. English as a second or foreign language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_second_or...

    For example, the opposite of "You must be here at 8" (obligation) is usually "You don't have to be here at 8" (lack of obligation, choice). "Must" in "You must not drink the water" (prohibition) has a different meaning from "must" in "You must have eaten the chocolate" (deduction).

  7. Converse (semantics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(semantics)

    In linguistics, converses or relational antonyms are pairs of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view, such as parent/child or borrow/lend. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The relationship between such words is called a converse relation . [ 2 ]

  8. Powell Janulus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell_Janulus

    Powell Alexander Janulus (born 1939) is a Canadian polyglot who lives in White Rock, British Columbia, and entered the Guinness World Records in 1985 for fluency in 42 languages. [1]

  9. Contrary (social role) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrary_(social_role)

    Contrary behavior means deliberately doing the opposite of what others routinely or conventionally do. Traditionally, it is usually accompanied by inverse speech, in which one says the opposite of what one actually means. For example, "no!" expresses "yes!" And "hello" means "goodbye". To say "Grandfather, go away!" would be an invitation for ...